America Underclass Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is believed that there is a tension between social classes in America. Typically, people of light classes choose to imitate those of higher social status. As a result, advertisers have a tendency to take advantage of this tension in order to profit from people of the lower and middle classes. In The Ameri bottom Upper Class, G. William Domhoff says that exhibiting high social status is a way of exercising power (Domhoff p.34), which is something important to all social classes. According to Judi Puritz Cook, author of Consumer Culture gross sales Discourse, advertisements in print as well as in visual media seem to create the promise of status mobility through consumption (Cook p.373). In the article, Puritz explains how tv programs on channels such as the Home Shopping Network are examples of how the media exploits the anxiety caused by social standing. It is believed that American people in the lower and middle classes have needs for status mobility. For example, when browsin g through a fashion magazine, hotshot can find numerous sections that are dedicated to creating ship canal to look like the featured model or actress for half the price. The intention of the article, in most cases, is to give others the impression that you are of high social status. In addition, advertisers often use people in the entertainment business to model their products so that the viewer may purchase the product. For example, when mimicking the purchases of hotel heiress, Paris Hilton one may believe, If I buy this, Ill look cool just like Paris Hilton The fact that this method is usually successful is a product of the anxiety entangle by lower and middle class families. For those reasons, it is likely that Domhoffs educational activity that the upper class creates respect, envy, and deference in others, is true. It seems that many of Americas lower and middle class families would like to create those same feelings of respect and envy in others.When flipping through Vogue , a well-known high fashion magazine, one can see that almost all the advertisement scream wealth and status. The magazines beautiful models as well as its expensive brands are major characteristics of the famous magazine. Members of the middle class skim through the magazine thinking, Wow, if only I could look like this In Gregory Mantsios article Class in America, he says, We are, on occasion, presented... ...consciously imitate (Domhoff p.166). Various advertisers use the desperate need of people of the lower and middle classes to appear rich as a weapon. Domhoffs statement is an explanation of why many people choose to emulate people of high social status.According to Domhoff, showing signs of high social status is one of the many reasons that the upper class generates feelings of envy and deference in those of lower social status. This seems to be the reason for the craze involving the imitation of celebrities as well as the wealthy. It is also believed that the lower classes attempt to look as much like the people in higher classes because of the feeling of significance that comes with the expensive clothes etcetera As a result, advertisers use the tension between social classes to sell the idea of luxurious style.Works CitedCook, Judi Puritz. Consumer Culture Mass Communication and Society 3.4 (2000) 373-392.Domhoff, G. William. The American Upper Class. Great Divides readings in social inequality in the United States 2nd edition (2001) 159-167.Mantsios, Gregory. Class in America myths and realities. Privilege (2003) 33-47.

An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Taste A Liquor Never Brewed Essay

An Annotation of Emily Dickinsons I Taste A Liquor Never BrewedThis verse form by Emily Dickinson is much harder to figure out compared to her usual poems. She writes close to a topic that is not normally written about at this time especially by a woman. At first glance, it is thought that this poem is about liquor and all of the bad things that go along with it, when in all reality it is a poem about sheer happiness. Dickinson is speaking not of a high derived from any alcoholic beverage, but rather of nonpareil acquired from life itself.I smack a liquor never brewed (214) Emily DickinsonI taste a liquor never brewed--From tankards scooped in Pearl--Not all the Vats upon the RhineYield such an Alcohol Inebriate of Air--am I--And Debauchee of Dew--Reeling--thro endless summer days--From inns of Molten Blue--When Landlords acquire the drunken BeeOut of the Foxgloves door--When butterflies--renounce their drams--I shall but drink the moreTill Seraphs swing their snowy Hats--And sa ints-- to windows run--To see the little TipplerLeaning against the Sun--Despite the founding of metaphorical comparisons with drunkenness and liquor, this is definitely not a poem about any form of chemical intoxication. It is an expression of the authors love for a drunken put in, created by how wonderful she believes life to be.In the second line, I realized the genuine depth of Emily Dickinsons affection for life. Here, she wrote, From tankards scooped in Pearl, indicating special beer-drinking glasses, outfitted in beading rather than in ceramic or in clay. According to my research, these were used during her time to drink in a more exquisite, elaborate fashion, usually when maven had a notable fondn... ...y. It was the little things that gave her joy and pleasure. Just being surrounded by nature and other creatures gave her the happiness that others need marriage and money to find. umpteen of Dickinsons poems focus on the themes of life, love, and nature. This one has a l ittle bit of all of those themes tied into it. It describes her love of life and nature by comparing it to the feeling one gets when they are drunk. Dickinson is very inspirational in this poem by showing us that there are many things in life to be greatful for and that we should draw this sense of joy and tranquility when we are surrounded by the simple pleasures of life that have been given to us all.Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. 314. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Ed. Thomas H. Johnson. capital of Massachusetts Little, 1960.Encyclopedia Britannica. 12/05/01. Online. www.britannica.com.

Essays --

Animals have always been evolving and argon constantly adapting to their changing environments. All organisms require the ingestion of food and disposal of waste, the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen, and respiratory gases. To determine how much of this each organism needs, it is based on each organisms volume. Organisms are able to exchange materials the fastest when the surface-to-volume relationship is larger. Because larger organisms have a smaller surface-to-volume relationship, the exchange of materials and the ability to lose heat is more(prenominal) difficult. Organisms have changed from single, to multicellular. A single celled organism has a large surface-to-volume ratio, which means it is able to efficiently exchange and remove materials. As these organisms evolve over time and grow larger, they in conclusion become multicellular and must increase their surface area. Sea Anemones and Tapeworms are a perfect example of this as they have elongated, flat bodi es. Thus, the diffusion amidst the organism and its environment only require a short time. Question 2The various(a) structures of porifera include Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid. Asconoids have the simplest structures, an atrium lined with choanocytes. Incurrent ostia allow body of water directly into the chamber. Asconoids eventually increased the thickness of their body wall and became Syconoids. Syconoids have choanocyte chambers that extend into the body wall. An even thicker body wall was created and Syconoids evolved into the to the highest degree complex structure, the Leuconoid. Leuconoids have choanocyte chambers isolated deep within a body wall. Incurrent and excurrent canals lead to them from the outside, which then leads to the atrium. With each organ exchanging specific ... ... developing was muscle tissue. The platyhelmiths are the first animal with true musculature. Muscle from the mesoderm is attached to the endoderm and ectoderm. Endoderm musc les line the pharynx and are surrounded by muscles that allow it to be extended, withdrawn and suck in food. There are also longitudinal muscle fibers that allow the body to elongate and perform the various turning and bending activities of the worm. A protonephridium is a network of dead-ending tubules, also known as flame cells, that function is osmoregulation and ionoregulation. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating creates an outward going current and pressurization. The pressure created drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal to the protonephridium. The terminals are large enough for small molecules to pass through, but larger proteins are kept in the animal.

Surviving the Unthinkable Essay -- Psychology

We are never truly prepared for a catastrophic event but we spend plenty of period worrying about what we are going to do in one situation or a nonher. We as human beings, much like animals, are hard-wired with choice skills though sometimes our brains dont always choose the right response. There are contrastive tendencies the human brain leans toward in a terrible event or situation. Situational awareness and normalcy bias are two main tendencies that are displayed in disasters or extreme stress situations. These responses are not only achieved by experiencing a traumatic event but also by high risk activities such as sky diving and skiing. In the following paragraphs I will discuss how the brain responds to catastrophes and risky situations and how it can be a matter of survival and death. We all respond in different ways in the event of a disaster. But there are a few key things that happen to everyone in an event. In the first chapter of The Unthinkable, Zedeno states she wa s overwhelmed with a feeling of peace and calm when she found herself trapped in an elevator in the World Trade Center during the attempted detonation of a motorcar bomb. During the events of September 11th, it was also pointed out by Zedeno that she observed co-workers making phone calls and shutting down their computers, not realizing the urgency of the situation. In most instances people blood line into a kind of fog where they have a hard time focusing on the reality of the situation. This tendency is called normalcy bias. This fog causes people to derogate from the disaster and its effects. People also tend to interpret warnings in the most optimistic way possible, making the situation seem less serious (Spalding). Our brains frequently perceive danger a... ...om/2006/09/29/world/americas/29iht-profile.2981944.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2. Spalding, Steven. Normalcy Bias. How to split an atom. 29 08 2010. Web. 3 Dec 2010. . Swink , David F. Adrenaline Rushes Can They Help Us give care with a Real Crisis?. Threat Management. Psychology Today, January 31, 2010. Web. 3 Dec 2010. . Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571. Wikipedia. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 02-12-2010. Web. 3 Dec 2010. . Survival Stories 4 Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 Andes Rugby Team Disaster. Spike. Spike.com, 29 08 2009. Web. 4 Dec 2010. .

Fight Club Compared To Siddhartha :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, manhas been on a signal to find his inner self. This topic hasbeen the theme of many books and researches. This is noexception, in the 1959 book, Siddhartha by HermannHesse. In this particular story the main character,Siddhartha, is trying to find his inner self. He tries toaccomplish this in many ways, one being self defense reaction ordestruction. This is also the case in the 1996 book, stir upClub by Chuck Palahniuk, in which the main themepromoted is that destruction leads to purity. These twoworks, written just about 40 years apart, which at first glanceseem to be complete opposites, are actually spawns fromthe archetypal theme of mans quest from self knowledge.Many issues in each of these stories give rationalness to believethat the authors had the same imagination in mind. It could also besaid that the author of beseech Club whitethorn have readSiddhartha. This is so because of the fact that many quotesin Fight Club relate to Hinduism, whic h is the religion of theheron in Siddhartha. For example, at a point in Fight Club,a character questions his safety. The reply from thecharacter, Tyler Durden, is, Youre as safe as a Hinducow, is a metaphor that since the cow is very respected inthe Hindu religion and is not harmed. This may be merecoincidence, but other information gives reason to believeotherwise. Other than just saying that there is a connectionwith something that is said in the two books, there is alsoconnections with the themes and styles of each book. InSiddhartha the charters frequently speak in ways the you mayhave to think about to understand the full meaning. This isalso true in the case of Fight Club. At one point inSiddhartha, the character Govinda Siddharthas friendsays, He who in contemplation, with purified mind,immerses himself in Atman, Inexpressible in words is hishearts bliss. These quotes convey the idea of the actuallyenlightenment. In Fight Club, it is common to see quoteslike, You are not a b eautiful and unique snow flake whichtells Tyler Durdens followers that what they may think theyare is completely false. This type of put down is a majoringredient in the stew of mayhem which leads toenlightenment. When you compare the actual meanings ofFight Club and Siddhartha, you will find that they are verymuch alike. Fight Club is a release for people. It helps youknow yourself, know what you can do, and know yourlimits. In the book, it would often be used by people with

Fight Club Compared To Siddhartha :: essays research papers

Since the beginning of time, manhas been on a quest to find his inner self. This topic hasbeen the group of galore(postnominal) books and researches. This is noexception, in the 1959 book, Siddhartha by HermannHesse. In this particular story the main character,Siddhartha, is trying to find his inner self. He tries toaccomplish this in more ways, one being self denial ordestruction. This is withal the case in the 1996 book, FightClub by Chuck Palahniuk, in which the main themepromoted is that destruction leads to purity. These twoworks, written almost 40 years apart, which at first glanceseem to be complete opposites, are actually spawns fromthe archetypal theme of mans quest from self jockeyledge.Many issues in each of these stories give reason to believethat the authors had the same idea in mind. It could also besaid that the author of Fight Club may have readSiddhartha. This is so because of the fact that many quotesin Fight Club pertain to Hinduism, which is the religion o f theheron in Siddhartha. For example, at a point in Fight Club,a character questions his safety. The reply from thecharacter, Tyler Durden, is, Youre as safe as a Hinducow, is a metaphor that since the cow is very respected inthe Hindu religion and is not harmed. This may be guilelesscoincidence, but other information gives reason to believeotherwise. Other than just saying that there is a connectionwith something that is said in the two books, there is alsoconnections with the themes and styles of each book. InSiddhartha the charters often speak in ways the you mayhave to think about to understand the full meaning. This isalso lawful in the case of Fight Club. At one point inSiddhartha, the character Govinda Siddharthas friendsays, He who in contemplation, with purified mind,immerses himself in Atman, Inexpressible in linguistic communication is hishearts bliss. These quotes convey the idea of the actuallyenlightenment. In Fight Club, it is common to see quoteslike, You are no t a beautiful and unique juggle flake whichtells Tyler Durdens followers that what they may think theyare is completely false. This type of put down is a majoringredient in the brood of mayhem which leads toenlightenment. When you compare the actual meanings ofFight Club and Siddhartha, you will find that they are verymuch alike. Fight Club is a release for people. It helps youknow yourself, know what you can do, and know yourlimits. In the book, it would often be used by people with

Paragraph example Essay

Brainstorming-You get a limited response face a possible crash-There is a reduction in the powerfulness to concentrate and remember.-Dont suck to a greater extent than you should to maintain your physiological faculties alerts to drive.-The consumption of alcohol affects the driver behavior.-The drivers reaction also becomes slower-The police force allows up to 50 milligrams of alcohol in your blood-Driving at a lower place the influence of alcohol you could hit a car or even a person.-Driving under the influence of alcohol is the 9th cause of car accidents.-When you be drunk your thought processes and reflexes ar slowed down.-You should not drink more than two beers.OutlineTopic fate Driving under the influence of alcohol has serious consequences in your driving skills. funding sentence1 When you are drunk your thought processes and reflexes are slowed down. Supporting details You are unable to make good decisions on the road Supporting sentence2 The drivers reaction also bec omes slowerSupporting details You get a limited response face a possible crash. Driving under these circumstances you could hit a car or even a person.Supporting sentence3 Dont drink more than you should to maintain your physiological faculties alerts to drive. Supporting details Because the law allows up to 50 milligrams of alcohol in your blood, you should not drink more than two beersConcluding Sentence If you are considering drink and driving therefore you must designate a driver or look for a cab.Drinking and driving, such as bad ideaDrinking alcohol has some serious consequences in your driving skills. When you are drunk your thought processes and reflexes are slowed down. Therefore, you are unable to make good decisions on the road. The drivers reaction also becomes slower. You get a limited response face a possible crash. Since driving under these circumstances you could hit a car or even a person. Moreover dont drink more than you should to maintain your physiological facu lties alerts to drive. Because the law allows up to 50 milligrams of alcohol in your blood, you should not drink more than two shoots. In conclusion if you are considering drinking and driving so you must designate a driver or look for a cab.

Learning via observation

Abravanel and Ging aging (1985) conducted a study on learning specific eachy on deferred ph iodiney and neighboring(a) put on. Its review of previous studies conducted on learning scuppered that a babe at the second year of life shows evidence of deferred imitation, which is imitation of modeled behavior after an interval where early(a) events require intervened between mannikin and reproduction of behavior. Classes of object/action combinations used in the current study were taken from the study by McCall, Parke and Kavanaugh (as qtd by Abravanel & Gingold, 1985). The current study however win classified these classes of actions with objects into ternary dim-witted/single actions, reiterative actions and sequentially coordinated actions.Simple/single actions required demonstration of one behavior. Tasks measuring this were the Barrels where the child had to reveal contents of the large barrel by separating it into halves, and the chick and cr throw, where the child has t o put the crown on the bald-headed wooden doll. Reiterative actions were dim-witted actions that had to be perennial several times. Tasks for this include the Spacemen, where the child is expected to produce vertical column of phoebe bird spacemen toys in a feet-to-head articulate, the embarrasss, where the child had to stack the cube gag law, disc block and pyramid block in that aver, and Screwtoy, where the child had to turn the screwnut counterclockwise until it is allow of the screw. Sequentially coordinated action labors require two or more actions that disaccord from each other that have to be performed in some specific order.Tasks for this include the Cylinder and doll, where the child has to insert a drumstick into a piston chamber and push the doll out to let it fall into the table, and the marimba, where the child was expected to lose one tube from the hateful of the xylophone and strike each of the other two metallic pieces.The study was conducted to childre n aged 12 months (12 13 months), and 18 months (18 19 months). There were 42 girls and 40 boys aged 12 months and 45 girls and 40 boys aged 18 months. These children were randomly grouped into two the interference group, where children were able to see a model perform a line of work, and the withstand group, where the children did non have models to imitate from. Having a control group was hoped to take into account the childrens familiarity to the materials, parturiency and examiner.Both groups follow four phases in every task 1) Pre-test, where the child was presented with all of the materials for the task and allowed to handle them for 60 seconds. 2) Modeling followed where the treatment groups saw the target actions modeled twice, while the control group did non see any models but allowed to handle the materials for a nonher 10 seconds. Each child had to accumulate four tasks from the seven possible tasks. The child then had an interpolated interval of 10 minutes, where he/she was step down to do anything. This time gap was requirement to emphasize on the deferred imitation. 3) Post-test followed, where the child was presented with the materials of a task he/she had taken previously and targeted or expected actions had to be demonstrated within 60 seconds.Responses were recorded and the next materials of second, third and fourth tasks were presented separately. 4) Immediate imitation follows right after post-test when it is clear that the child have not achieved the targeted actions of a particular task. The experimenter models again the targeted action and the child was given 60 seconds to reproduce the action. The third step looked into the deferred imitation while the fourth step looked into ready imitation.Scores were ranged from zero, where the child did nothing but look at the materials, to six, where the child successfully reproduced the targeted actions. However, scoring was reclassified were score zero to four was rescored as zero and score five to six were rescored as one. Data was analyzed using cardinal-factor analyses of variance (Age X Sex X Treatment Condition). The study seeks to answer whether performance of the three classes of actions (i.e., simple/singe, reiterative and sequential coordinated) in deferential imitation and immediate imitation were the same for 12-month old and 18-month old children and treatment and control groups. The researcher hypothesizes that the 12-months old children would abide by in deferred imitation of simple/single actions and the 18-months old children would succeed in both reiterative and sequentially coordinated tasks. epitome on the deferred imitation found that in performing simple/single action and reiterative action tasks, the 18-months old produced the targeted actions importantly higher than the 12-month olds. In performing sequentially coordinated tasks, the 18-months old had great offspring of targeted actions everyplace the 12-months old on Cylinder and doll task, but equally on the marimba task. The treatment group had greater number of targeted actions over the control group in performing simple/single action tasks, in performing the two of the reiterative action tasks Spacemen and Screwtoy (but not the Blocks), as puff up as the Cylinder and doll tasks (but not the xylophone task) of the sequentially coordinated tasks. Interaction effect of age and treatment condition in performing the three classes of action tasks showed that the 18-months old had greater modeling effect. Further, thither was no difference between girls and boys in the number of actions tasks successfully performed.Immediate imitation was done for children who have not successfully effected the tasks on the third phase. More children from the control group were subjected to this analysis understandably because they had no models to imitate and learn from on how to achieve successfully the tasks subjected to them. Immediate imitation and deferred imitation were n ot analyzed as scoring for both sets were different. Analysis of immediate imitation selective information revealed that 18-year old had greater number of targeted actions over the 12-months old children. Less than 50% of the 12-month old children passed the tasks compared to more than 50% of the 18-month olds passed the tasks. More than 50% of the 18-month olds however find Spacemen and screwtoy tasks difficult to perform in immediate imitation.Approximate deferred imitation was further done where the reiterative and sequentially coordinated actions considered lower forms of imitations and where such forms somehow were equivalent to simple/single action level. The 18-month old children significantly had higher performance in post-tests reiterative tasks and Cylinder and doll task of the sequentially coordinated actions. Interaction between age and treatment conditions showed that at 18-months, treatment group achieved the Spaceman task, screwtoy task, Cylinder and doll task, but no t on block task and xylophone tasks. At 12 months, treatment group achieved Spacemen task and marimba task but not the Screwtoy, Blocks, Cylinder and doll tasks.The study concluded that there are developmental differences achieved in learning between ages 12-months and 18-months, through imitation, whether through immediate or delayed information. The hypotheses of the research were not supported by the results as only few of the 12-month olds demonstrated complete deferred imitation on simple/single actions and less than 50% of the 18-month olds were fully successful with the three action tasks. It further concluded that the childrens performance in both deferred imitation and immediate imitation were the same by comparing treatment and control groups for immediate imitation analysis. The research further confirmed the study conducted by McCall et all. that 18-months old have internalized action sequences and means-ends relations although the current research acknowledged that sp atial and serial properties of actions were difficult for these children. The researcher explained about the childrens possible difficulty of recalling order for the Blocks task. It finally concludes that imitative ability is a developmental phase by the start of the second year of a child and fluency to make data-based learning and deferred imitation during the second year.Analysis on the ArticleThe use of a control group in the study was not necessary. McCall et al, whom the researchers referred to in their study, did not employ control group. The researchers themselves have recognized that imitation and observation learning were facts of human functioning. Thus, learning the tasks as demonstrated by reproducing the targeted actions were better when somebody models how the task was to be accomplished than when children were odd to find out for themselves how to accomplish the task.The analysis done on deferred imitation for the control group was subjecting the children in a probl em-solving task by their own rather than learning via observation. The employ of control group sidetracked the researcher from the objective of establishing learning through observation in this group, precisely because the subjects in this group did not use observation in learning the tasks. All the control group did was to establish that indeed the use of models significantly facilitated accomplishment of the tasks. This was rather not necessary as previous researches have already established this.The use of control group in the analysis has rather made confusing interpretations and conclusions on the study. much(prenominal) was done when the researcher made a conclusion on the immediate imitation by comparing the control and the treatment group that deferred imitation had no particular advantage over immediate imitation (p. 621, paragraph 2). This was rather an erroneous conclusion since control group cannot represent immediate imitation nor deferred imitation in any way. The res earchers themselves have acknowledged that immediate imitation and deferred imitation cannot be analyzed because of the differential scoring used by the two sets of data but a conclusions made was to infer on this.The representational materials used in this study were carefully selected so that the objects give the platform by which actions (i.e, simple/single, reiterative, sequential coordinated) can be elicited. When disparity in the results existed for reiterative tasks (i.e., Spacemen, blocks and screwtoy) and sequential coordinated tasks (Cylinder and doll, and xylophone), the researchers have attributed this to difficulty in recall (p. 621, paragraph 1) for the Block task and spontaneous performance (p. 620, paragraph 1) for Xylophone task.The Block task was a measure for reiterative action and which was to be accomplished by the child by stacking the cube block, disc block and pyramid block on each other on that specific order. The child, in this task, was not however require d only to do a simple action repeated more than once (i.e., reiterative) but also required to demonstrate memory recall on how the order of the blocks should be. This requirement was different from the other reiterative tasks (i.e., Spacemen and Screwtoy) where the targeted action was essentially repetitive ones and did not require some recall of order of how things should be arranged, which was the case for the Block task.This additional requirement for Block task made it in disparity of results with the other reiterative tasks. Block task, in order to elicit only one requirement, which is to demonstrate singular repetitive action, should have used same-shaped blocks. This takes away the requirement for a recall of certain order of blocks, which was rather not a awe of this particular study. It is therefore suggested that the Block task be modified by using the same-shaped blocks or this is taken out all together as there were already two reiterative actions tasks, which were Spac emen and Screwtoy tasks.The disparity in the results of sequential coordinated action tasks, which are the Cylinder and doll task and Xylophone task, was attributed to spontaneous performance. The Xylophone task involved removing one tube loosely attached to the base of the xylophone and striking each of the other two metallic pieces. The researchers explanation on spontaneous performance of the Xylophone task implies on the novelty of the task. Making the task as novel as possible was necessary in order to seclude memory recall on possible actions done outside the experiment. If the child have already played xylophone, his/her demonstration of the task may have been a direct recall of how he played a similar toy.A recall on actions outside the experiment would mean deprivation of control of extraneous variable. To keep extraneous variable to enter into the experiment, the tasks formulated should be novel as possible for the children. Spontaneous performance on Xylophone task as de monstrated by the control group was evidence to this (p. 620, paragraph 1). This explanation by the researcher was rather acceptable, but it should have been suggested that Xylophone task was removed as a measure for sequential coordinated action task in the future study, and suggested to be replaced by another task.Analysis on approximate deferred imitation was not necessary nor called for in the study. The study implied only on differential imitation and immediate imitation to answer the research question. Analysis done on this only confused interpretations and results relative to this were not incorporated nor integrated in the discussions or in the conclusions. The results derived from this analysis were like a free agent that was left to float, without particular beginning, that is, it was not part of the research question, or an end, since it was not integrated in the conclusions. Such kind of analysis should have been left out.Essentially, the research has done well in provin g that the children in the second year of their life were advancing in their learning through imitation, whether deferred or immediate. It contributed to the theoretical base for developmental psychology by establishing that imitative ability starts at the second year of a childs life and continues to develop as the child advances in age towards the end of its second year. The finding that modeling contributes to learning was not novel but was rather reiteratively established from previous studies and researches (p. 614, paragraph 1).If a replicate of the study has to be done, the use of control group, which is not to employ models, is suggested to be deleted. The use of Block task should utilize same-shaped blocks (i.e., three cubes or three discs or three pyramids). The Xylophone task should also be replaced by another sequential coordinated action that requires a novel task or introduces a novel material. Suggested tasks would be Doll and little umbrella, where the targeted actio n is for the child to place the plastic doll in a sitting station on a table, to open a little umbrella and to place the umbrella beside the doll.This task required three sequential actions placing doll opening umbrella placing umbrella. Doll on bucket, where the targeted action is for the child to position the bucket upside down and to put a plastic doll on a sitting position on the bucket. This task required three sequential actions positioning the bucket placing the doll. The principle is therefore clear, that the task should be novel as possible and requiring at least two different actions done in some particular order.ReferencesAbravanel, E. & Gingold, H. (1985). Learning via observation during the second year of life. Developmental Psychology, 21 (4), 614-623.

The Effects of Music on Laboring Moms

Coping with elbow grease inconvenience oneself when you are a first time mom is usually an fetch filled with great care. The first stage of push back is called the latent phase, in which she may be excited and anxious for labor to be well realised (Marcia L. London, 2011) . The laboring mom may be unable to cope with contractions because of fear, anxiety, or lack of information (Marcia L. London, 2011) .The nurses response should be to be validatory and provide encouragement and to establish a trusting relationship (Marcia L. London, 2011) . The challenge for the labor nurse is to reduce the pain and anxiety and to help make the labor and delivery a absolute experience. The application of medicament therapy may be an appropriate tool for reducing anxiety and pain (Marcia L. London, 2011) . Music therapy has become favorite in medicine in the last two decades.Studies show that the impulses from the auditory stimulus override the pain signals carried by the smaller nerve fibers, and harmony perceived by the right brain may stimulate the pituitary gland to release endorphins for decreasing pain (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) . Music may also alter pain perception by improving mood, increasing ataraxis, and reducing anxiety. Music also increases control and distraction to pain perception. The purpose of the line of business I read was to compact an evaluation of music therapy on labor pain and anxiety in Taiwanese primiparas.It was hypothesized that primipara women receiving music therapy would perceive less pain and anxiety and keep higher fingertip temperatures, an indication of less pain, during labor than those participants who had not received music therapy but received standard routine care (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) . This controlled study provided evidence that music therapy for women during the latent phase of labor provided psychological and physiological benefits from pain (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) .The participants in the study were primipara women giving birth with the following criteria they had a normal maternity, their pregnancy had gone to term, they planned to undergo a vaginal delivery, they had a single, normal fetus to deliver, they did not intend to use pharmacological analgesics during labor, and they consented to the participate in the study (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) . In this study pain and anxiety were the main outcome measurements. Ultimately 60 participants were included in the analysis, 30 women were entered in the experimental concourse and 30 women were entered into the control group.Participants were instructed to choose types of relaxing, anxiety-reducing music. In addition to receiving standard nursing care, the experimental participants listened to music for at least 30 minutes during the latent phase and ready phase of labor. Measures for pain and anxiety scales were given before and after 30 minutes of music listening during the latent and active phases of labor. Participants in the control group were not aware that they had the opportunity to listen to music, but they received the standard routine care after admission.Both groups completed the same pretest and posttest measures at the same phases of labor as the music group. Twenty-four hours after childbirth, women in the experimental group were asked to complete an open-ended questionnaire to indicate their perceptions of the effectiveness of music therapy on pain and anxiety and a five-point scale to evaluate the helpfulness of music. All the outcome measures for latent and active phases were analyzed separately because of the different level of pain.The results indicated that women in the music-listening group had get off pain and anxiety and higher fingertip temperatures than their peers in the control group during the latent phase, but the outcome measures were not significant during the active phase. Music seems to have seven-fold functions in pain reduction, including focusing, distracting, and stimulating pleasure res ponses. The study provides evidence that preselected music that is slow, relaxing and calming in nature, with little variation in tempo or volume is helpful for laboring women in the early latent phase (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) .In the active phase of labor the slow music was not effective. This is when contractions are much intense and more painful and it is possible that the auditory cue did not synchronize with the womens rhythmic short, rapid breathing (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) . It could be that music with a more rapid tempo would be more helpful. Pain and anxiety can influence heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, peripheral blood combine and fingertip temperature (FT). Elevation of FT is a significant indicator of physical relaxation through the sympathetic response (Yu-Hsiang Liu, 2010) .This study shows that music can promote relaxation and decrease muscle tension which can increase peripheral blood flow as well as skin temperature as evidenced by the increased FT (Yu -Hsiang Liu, 2010) . In conclusion, this controlled study provides evidence that music therapy for women during the latent phase of labor provides quantifiable psychological benefits. The findings of this study may provide an evidence-based music therapy protocol for women in labor.Clinical health care professionals such as nurses could consider providing music as part of their routine when working with women who face the first-time childbirth process. Nurses could contain music therapy in reducing the pain and anxiety for women who are at the early phase of labor. Music does not have harmful side-effects and is easy to administer, so if it is yet another way to ease the pain and anxiety of a laboring patient and could help make the childbirth experience a positive one, the nurse should consider offering the therapy to her patients.

Child Safety Essay

Safety is the condition of being protected against physical, social, emotional, financial or another(prenominal) types or consequences of failure, damage, harm or any other event which could be considered un-desirable. To me safety is the most important aspect of any environment because it travels a psyche mentally and for anyone to show his/her best performance it is necessary that their safety zone is intact. When we think ab give a mode safety the first thing that comes to mind is protection, shelter, freedom and so forth And, this starts from the moment a squirt is born till he/she is alive. All human beings want a secure and healthy environment which is utterly costless of hazards and dangers. And, when we talk most small fryrens safety it plays a vital role in their upbringing and development in ensuring they are enthusiastic, creative and confident because when they are provided with an environment that is relatively free from danger, risks and threats of harm then the y intuitive feeling relaxed, happy, free to explore.It is very important to provide safety to the children because sometimes some events, incidents or actions affect children a lot, whereas we magnanimouss feel that it will not matter to the child. Talking about myself as a teacher, I would take all the necessary steps to cor move that my learning environment is unhindered. Firstly, I would plan the physical appearance with material and ideas that are age grab. This will allow me to attract and inspire my pupils in a positive direction. The class should have a warm environment and the color schemes used should be inviting. Indisputably there will be material and some resources standardised scissors, glue, sockets, play dough etcetera that might be dangerous or harmful to the child, these items though essentialed in the class should be kept out of reach and when required used under the guidance of the teacher. The furniture and seating arrangement in the class should have smoo th edges and preferably be measure in shape. There should be conscionable enough furniture in accordance with the strength of the class. This will allow safe and free movement for the children in the class space.Physical safety is not only confined to the classroom. When the child is in the school premises every event that takes place is the responsibility of the adult. When the child leaves the classroom, it is important that the adult accompanies him/her to whatever place the child has to go. Be it the play area, the swimming pool, the playground or even the toilet they should all have fitting safety features such as flooring which in faux pas of a toilet should be dry so as to avoid slipping, age appropriate equipment and infrastructure all safely installed with irrelevant material kept out of reach of the children. Another aspect of safety is the social-emotional effect on a child. To hold dear an emotionally safe classroom it is important for the adult to discuss how each child in the class is as an individual and that everyone is different. The classroom environment stub detract from a students ability to learn if he/she does not feel safe.A safe environment means that there is obedience between the child and the adult and amongst the children themselves. Hence students feel accepted and free to voice their opinions. It is important to teach children class room rules at the beginning of the category and the adult to be consistent in enforcing them. But when talking about rules, they should be realistic and not rigid. If adults overwhelm children with rules for everything, there could then be unfathomable power struggles with children. The adult should speak to the child individually if he/she suspects any problem because when children are corrected in front of their fellows they may get demotivated and feel a sense of insecurity. This insecurity can also take place when a child is faced with an obstacle such as bullies. In this case the childre n have no way of defending themselves. It is very important that the adult makes sure all pupils are comfortable in their learning environment. Discussing with the children about peer pressure and bullying and how it has a negative effect in the classroom by revising child friendly moral stories is a reasonable way out.To develop the children to be socially interactive the adult needs to build bonds by providing opportunities of group play, interaction and discussions. The adult can also train the children to fount after each other and the environment of their classroom. This can be in the form of a daily clean-up routine in regards to toys, blocks, art work etc. The classroom can be messy due to different activities of the children which could present a safety hazard to all the children depending on the cleanup. For example If the children have just finished their free play activity, it can be possible that while the children were exploring the different items in front of them som e of the toys could have broken or cracked. In this event the children can hurt themselves or hurt each other.Now, the introduction to a clean-up routine after every activity allows the children under the guidance of the adult to dispose of broken toys or equipment that may cause injury or choking, immediately. This will secure the classroom and prevent any unforeseen event concerning the activity. The child will feel a sense of ownership and accomplishment it will also develop the ability to work with others in different situations and bring about the pride of teamwork to create a friendlier environment.I feel that, creating a safe learning environment for children is a daunting prospect because children not only need physical safety but also need to feel emotionally and intellectually protected. It is important that the adult should pay attention and be vigilant of the childrens activities. When adults plan lessons and activities for children they should not only keep the academic s in mind but also the safety needs that pertain to the lesson. The teacher should explain the children the rules by her actions because children respond faster to what they see rather than what they are simply told. In the end it all comes down to child protection and hence it is important to take attending of them to allow for the development of their ideas and enthusiasm to explore their imagination allowing them to grow.

Police Abuse Essay

An officer who uses more force than policy deed overs is said to have use excessive force and may be guilty of law of nature atrociousness, the excessive and lawless use of natural law force. natural law officers are often seen as a thin blue line of aegis between criminals and law-abiding citizens, but when they use excessive force, they cross the line and become criminals. Police ferociousness damages the image of law enforcement as good as the legal expert system. It leads to loss of trust in the guardmen, which then creates a gap between them and people in the community.According to the early policing principles imported from nineteenth century England, it is the lack of centralized control which forms a corruption in America when opportunities of bribery were widespread. Police reforms from the 1930s to the 1950s sought to establish professionalism among police forces by introducing military-like command and higher performance standards. Not everyone agrees with this type of procedure when critics see the March 1991 beating of Rodney King by officers of Los Angeles Police Department which used professional policing. From Rodney King beating in 1991 through the O.J. Simpson trial, the rift has widened the threatening racial discrimi race.The reasons for the gap are complex and deep. According to the experts, it is based on the nations painful racial history. The current practice of racial profiling, where skin color is a criterion to pull over a driver is on-going today. For instance, when Reggie Miller, who is Black, had been ordered to pull over by a Nashville police officer for driving with expired tags, had suffered chronic back problems as a turn up of the beating. It was about 840 p.m. when he was shot on his chest and ordered him to lie face down on the ground. Within couple of transactions the officer, who didnt have a chance to identify himself, called for backup. Suddenly Miller found himself as a cushion using his body from five po lice officers that had surrounded him. Miller also recalls that the officers gouge his eyes and choke him. This 1992 incident of Miller made him suffer a permanent back problem cod to the beating and the shot he encountered.Police officers have no right by anymeans to harass a person. Otherwise, they are more considered as criminal because of such inhumane acts. In general, brutality is a form of punishment. Police officers are not supposed to punish but are judge to protect and serve. However, they seemed to expose brutality as punishment when they beat up Adolph Archie in March of 1992. Archie was shot by a police officer and the police officer did not even bother to rush him to the hospital. Instead, they waited in the parking lot until they found out that their injured colleague had died. Then the officers took Archie in the hospital while beating him dead. Unfortunately, Archie only breathe for 12 hours and was diagnosed with two skull fractures, a broken larynx, fractures o f the cheekbones, bleeding testicles, teeth had been kicked in, and his entire body was exposed to blunt trauma. barbarousness is an inhuman or savage form of cruelty. Police officers need not use too much force to stop a suspect.Police brutality is an important topic to discuss because it deals with the life of a person, the misconduct of some police officers, the burden it caused and the lesson that everyone should get from it. Police officers must realize they were not given their badge to show that they are ones to be afraid of but to keep the tranquility and order of the community. They have the right to discipline a suspect which will depend on the physical condition of the latter. Police need not use the force if the suspect is already injured because it may only lead to a more tragic situation. In several cases, people died after being restrained by police officers. Police brutality does not cause anything positive. It only leads to racism, disrespect among people, loss of respect and confidence for the police and it makes citizens feel less safe. Not a single act did brutality explicit an advantage to the people.The possible solution to police brutality is to include in their training new techniques in handling suspects and criminals geared towards the demand for earthly concern policies that promote social and racial justice. Furthermore, police officers should receive antiracism and diversity training as a part of their education in police academies. Police officers must learn to conduct themselves in multiethnic and multicultural communities. To fund thissolution, everyone must cooperate by respecting the police officers in our community and the law of United States of America. Without the cooperation of everyone, the familiar widespread of police brutality will continue to grow.The people should give a serious thought of what they are doing in order to avoid violence. lets just think about the victims of violence and how thousands of people die every year because of brutality. Lets not make one of our families and our following generations become a victim of these humiliating, devastating and inhumane acts of the police. We, as a nation, need concerted effort in protest for all the victims whose lives have been stolen and sacrifice. The cultivation must be nothing short of creating a just, humane, peaceful and less violent society. If there is no justice, there will be no peace in the United States.The widespread of police brutality has widened all over the world. The nation must join together to eliminate repression, unjust and abusive manipulation by the police in order to have a more peaceful and harmonious nation. To terminate police brutality means calling for justice for our brothers and sisters whose lives have been stolen. In addition, this will give time for the government to open their eyes for the families of those who are unjustly locked down behind prison walls. It will allow balance of justice between the government officials and the people regardless of racial status. Our world would be a better place to live in because it lessens violence, oddment rate, and increases the confidence and harmony between the police and the community. Moreover, the absence of such brutality will terminate arrest and harassment based on racial origin.BibliographyActivists sound off Against Police Brutality in LA, MAS magazine, (August 16, 2000), 2 pages.Call for a National Day of differ to Stop Police Brutality, Repression, and the Criminalization of a Generation, http//www.mojo.calyx.net/refuse/ndp/071400oct22.html,October 22, 2000.DNC Activists Protest Cop Brutality, MAS magazine, (August 16, 2000), 2 pages.NYPDs Bloody Month of August 1999, http//www.mojo.calyx.net/refuse/ndp/090699ndpnyc.html,September 6, 1999.Anderson, Kelly, Police Brutality, San Diego California, Kelly Anderson, 1995.Bender, David, Policing the Police, San Diego California, David Bender, 1995.Charles, Nick, Criminally Susp ect, SIRS, (September 1995), 4 pages.Conroy, John, Unspeakable Act, Ordinary People, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.Fitzgerald, Terence, Police in Society, New York, Terence Fitzgerald, 2000.Meeks, Kenneth, Driving While Black, New York, Kenneth Meek, 2000.Nelson, Jill, Police Brutality, New York, Jill Nelson, 2000.Roleff, Tamara, Police Brutality, San Diego California, David Bender, 1999.Steinhorn, Leonard, By the Color of our Skin, New York, Leonard Steinhorn, 1999.

Community Psychology Essay

1. discretion INDIVIDUALS1.1 Ecological principlesThere are four key ecological principles proposed by James Kelly et al in collar human environments and they are mutualness, cycling of resources, adaptation, and succession.Interdependence- As with biological ecosystems, any accessible system has multiple related move and multiple relationships with opposite systems. Changes in one of these parts atomic number 50 affect the others they are interdependent. A corollary of the principle of interdependence is that any change in a system will buzz off multiple consequencessome of them unanticipated and perhaps unwanted. An example of interdependence could be, when the primary caregiver gets the flu, meal preparation, washing, transportation, and a host of other daily operations for every other member of the family are affected.Cycling of Resources- It specifies that any system can be understood by examining how resources are used, distributed, conserved, and transformed. ain resou rces include individual talents, knowledge, experiences, strengths, or other qualities that can forebode challenges in a setting. societal resources occur in relationships among members of the setting, including shared beliefs, values, formal rules, informal norms, sort out events, and shared sense of community. Even corporeal aspects of a setting are resources a library with rooms for group study, quiet nooks for individual study, and a enjoin to take a break.Adaptation- this principle concerns the transactions between person and environment. This is a two-way process individuals cope with the constraints or demands of an environment and environments adapt to their members. While kickoff a new job in order to adapt, you probably learned new skills without losing your unique identity. Some jobs require changes in appearance, changes in relating to population, or changes in schedules. Environments in any case adapt to their members. Think about the changes in a family trigger ed by such events as the birth of a child, a parent starting a new job, or children moving away from home.Succession- Settings and social systems change over time. Interdependence, resource cycling, and adaptation must be understood in that perspective. An implication of soul succession in settings is that psychologists need to pick up a systems history before they plan an intervention in that system. In trying to make out a neighbourhood a safer place, what have people tried to do in the past? What worked? How did the problems develop? Psychologists should also carefully consider the likely consequences of the intervention, including viable unintended consequences. How can the community continue the intervention after the formal involvement of the psychologist ends?Social Climate DimensionsThe social climate approach to understanding environments is found on three primary dimensions that can characterize any setting how they organize social relationships, how they encourage pe rsonal development and their focus on attention or change in the setting. Relationships -This dimension of settings concerns mutual supportiveness, involvement, and cohesion of its members. The social climate approach looks for evidence of relationship qualities in each setting.Personal maturation -This dimension of settings concerns whether individual autonomy, growth, and skill development are fostered in the settings.System Maintenance and Change- This dimension of settings concerns settings emphasis on order, clarity of rules and expectations, and control of behaviour.Social Regularities Social regularities, defined as the routine patterns of social relations among the elements (e.g., persons) within a setting. The patterns of social relationships in communities can affect distribution of resources, access to opportunities, and authority to address social issues. To discover social regularities, search for patterns of behaviour that reveal roles and reason relationships among setting members (e.g., teacher-student, therapist-client, employer-employee, parent-child). Roles are enacted in a specific setting in ways that affect power, decision making, resources, and inequalities. A historical social regularity is that U.S. schools have been a sorting mechanism for separating students by achievement or test score and then preparing them for different roles in society. Segregated schools once also sorted students by race. When the courts mandated an end to segregation, communities brought Black and White students into the same schools.Ecological psychology conduct Settings- this concept is the primary unit of analysis for ecological psychology. A behaviour setting is defined by having a place, time, and a standing pattern of behaviour. It is of the essence(p) to note that a behaviour setting is not simply a physical place. The sanctuary of the Methodist church in Midwest was a physical setting but not a behaviour setting. Instead, several behaviour settin gs occurred within it, each with a time and standing behaviour pattern (e.g., pietism services, choir practices, and weddings).Activity Settings While similar to ecological psychology in focusing on settings, activity setting theory takes immanent experiences and cultural social meanings into account. An activity setting is not simply a physical setting and not just the behaviour of persons who meet there but also the subjective meanings that develop there among setting participants, especially intersubjectivities beliefs, assumptions, values, and emotional experiences that are shared by setting participants. Key elements of an activity setting include the physical setting, positions (roles), people and the interpersonal relationships they form, time, and symbols that setting members create and use.Environmental Psychology Environmental psychology examines the influence of physical characteristics of a setting (especially built environments) on behaviour. A study focus of environm ental psychology is the study of the psychological effects of environmental stressors, such as noise, air pollution, hazardous waste, and crowded housing. Environmental Design- Environmental psychologists also study the psychological effects of architectural and neighbourhood design features. Examples include studies of enclosed workspaces, windows, and aspects of housing design.1.3 The importance of understanding individuals within a context From a community psychology perspective, a better understanding of what contributes to problems forms the basis of choosing where to intervene. Community psychologists do not believe that interventions that change environmental conditions of settings are necessarily fitted to address social issues. Rather, they place an emphasis on understanding environmental factors of social problems because they are so often overlooked. If the ecological context of social issues is odd unaddressed, the interventions chosen will likely be limited in their e ffectiveness.2. UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY2.1 Community refers to relationships that are multidimensional and are valued in their cause right, not just as a means to an end. But society refers to relationships that are based on a specific transaction. The relationship is instrumental in the sense that the participants view the relationship fundamentally as a means to an end, not as something that has value in its own right. This is a relationship you put away in solely because you expect to benefit in some way from the interaction, and the same is true for the other person.2.2 Types of communityLocality-Based Community- This is the traditional conception of community. It includes city blocks, neighbourhoods, small towns, cities, and rural regions. Interpersonal ties exist among community members (residents) they are based on geographic proximity, not necessarily choice.Relational Community -These communities are defined by interpersonal relationships and a sense of community but are not limited by geography. Internet discussion groups are communities completely without geographic limits. joint help groups, student clubs, and ghostlike congregations are defined by relational bonds.Levels of community Microsystems (e.g., illuminaterooms, mutual help groups) Organizations (e.g., workplaces, religious congregations, civic groups) Localities (e.g., city blocks, neighbourhoods, cities, towns, rural areas) big systems (e.g., the Filipino community, political parties, nations)2.3 Sense of communityAccording to Sarason (1974) he defined it as the perception of similarity to others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure.There are four elements place in sense of communityMembership it refers to the sense among community members of personal investment in the community and of bel onging to such as Boundaries, Common symbols, activated safety, Personal investment, Sense of belonging, Identification with community.Mutual influence between individual and community It refers both to the power that members exercise over the group and to the reciprocal power that group dynamics exert on members.Integration and fulfilment of needs among members Integration is concerned with horizontal relations among members such as Shared values, live up to needs and Exchanging resources.Shared emotional connection it refers to the shared dramatic moments, celebrations and rituals among members of the community.2.3.1 Social CapitalSocial capital refers to connections among citizens and reciprocity and trust based on them. It whitethorn be formal or informal and involve bonding or bridging.2.3.2 Social SupportSocial Support refers to the help provided by others to promote contend with stress.2.4 How communities are builtIn order to build a strong community, members should develo p a set of common symbols, celebrations, and narratives that describe and reflect the meaning they delegate the community and also set norms that support a sense of personal safety that ensures all members have a level of influence over the community.3. UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY3.1 Key dimensions of human diversityCULTUREThe term culture has been stretched to refer not only to ethnic and cultural groups but also to nation-states, religious groups, racial groupings, and corporations (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993).Cultural influences can be seen in the functioning of individuals and families, organizational practices, and norms of local communities and societies. Community psychologists have sought to understand how settings have layers of cultural influences that force the composition, functioning, and interactions of its members.A contextual, ecological understanding of cultural influences on communities seeks to understand how cultural influences structure community norms and processes for how decisions are made, how conflict is addressed, and how resources are distributed.RACERace does have psychological and social meaning in many societies as a socially constructed set of categories related to inequalities of status and power. Even as racial categories foment over time and across locations, race remains important because racism makes it so. No terminology is entirely satisfactory to describe the racial diversity. Use of roughly any terminology and definition of race reflects and perpetuates racial oppression in some way. Yet community psychology cannot ignore race, despite the drawbacks of vocabulary for discussing it.ETHNICITYEthnicity can be defined as a social identity, based on ones ancestry or culture of origin, as modified by the culture in which one currently resides and it could also be defined by language, customs, values, social ties, and other aspects of subjective cultureGENDERGender refers to our understanding of what it means to be female or mal e and how these categories are interpreted and reflected in attitudes, social roles, and the organization of social institutions.SOCIAL CLASSSocial class comprises a key dimension for community psychology. While often studied only as a demographic descriptor, social class actually attach differences in power, especially economic resources and opportunities. It influences identity and self-image, interpersonal relationships, socialization, well-being, living environment, educational opportunities, and many other psychological issues.ABILITY/DISABILITYIt refers to the tendency of members in a society to discriminate based on ableism which leads disabled individuals to many barriers for participation in community life as a valued and impart member.SEXUAL ORIENTATIONThis is best understood as a spectrum from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, with intermediate points. It refers to an underlying orientation, involving sexual attraction, romantic affection, and related emotions. geezerhoodChildren, adolescents, and younger and older adults differ in psychological and wellness-related concerns, developmental transitions, and community involvement. Similarly, aging also brings changes in relationships and power dynamics for families, communities, workplaces, and societies.SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION church property and religion often interrelate with culture and ethnicity. Moreover, many religions and spiritual traditions are multicultural, and many cultures contain multiple religious and spiritual communities. Therefore it is impossible to understand many cultures without understanding their religious institutions and spiritual practices.SOCIAL INEQUITIESSocial inequities occur when the lack of social and economic resources available to particular groups lead to reduced opportunities for education, health care, or work. In more extreme cases, a groups reduced social status can lead to group members having their property rights, suffrage rights, freed om of speech and assembly, and citizenship challenged.

Contract and Mgmt520 Entire Course

MGMT520 Entire seam (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM 4 weeks agonene MGMT 520 calendar week 2 Assignment Administrative Regulations download http//home cropfox. com/tutorials/ forefendter/12944/mgmt-520-week-2-assignmentadministrative- regulatings/ Assignment 1. State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your pro pose regulation interest you ( apprisely). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the argument in which you be working? If so, how? 1. Describe the proposal/change. 1.Write the usual chin-wag that you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, compose the comment you would take up submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. 1. appropriate the deadline by which the public comment must be made. (If the date has already passed, please provide when the deadline was. a. Once you bedevil submitted your comment, what t let out ensembleow you be legitimately entitled to do later in the declaration process (if you should choose to do so)? (See the textbooks discussion of the Administrative Procedure Act. a. If the proposal passes, identify and explain the volt legal theories you could spend in an attempt to ready ( all) administrative regulation decl ard invalid and overturned in solicit. a. Which of these challenges would be the exceed way to challenge the regulation you selected for this assignment if you wanted to own the regulation overturned and why? 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment Google http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/ look to? pdated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800-results=23 foliate 1 of 30 MGMT520 Entire cover (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 calendar week 3 Homework ES download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12945/mgmt-520-week-3-homework-es/ 1) What are the element s of negligence that Mr. Margreiter exit need to prove against the hotel in order to win his compositors face? contention the five elements here. 2) Applying the accompaniments you have from the slick job supra only, lay out a accompaniment for negligence against the hotel.Use the elements to outline the case. Start with the maiden element, explain what facts you have for or against that element, and then continue through the five elements of negligence. If you do non have enough facts to make your case, explain what facts you would need to have in order to run on a case of negligence. 3) What self-denial(s) does the hotel have on its emplacement? List (and define) those here. Very briefly state why you think the hotel could implement this exoneration 1. uncertainty During an appeal, the appeals court is required to rely on the take a leak submitted during the trial.The record, which is made by both eccentricies during the trial, including all objections and so me other submissions of evidence, is binding on the appeals court, unless it was err matchlessous or non rea tidingsable to believe or accept that evidence. Further, decisions of fact and credibility are typically left to the jury to make, and appeals courts prefer not revisiting those decisions (unless they are beyond the numeratet of the evidence or defy credulity. ) Because the jury fecal matter weigh the body language of the witnesses during trial, and the record on appeal burnt show that, appeal courts prefer allowing juries to make fact-finding decisions.Judges on appeal try to confront for legal theories to overturn cases (or uphold them. ) They make the fairness based decisions, based on the record sooner them. With that infrastanding, explain the decision of the appeals court in the Margreiter case. In doing so, discuss which facts the court relied on in its decision and which facts the losing party requested the appeals court decide the case on, although it ref ut ilize to do so. 2. Question Now review the Nordmanncase. The Margreitercourt apply this case to assist it with making its decision (see line two of paragraph 4 of the Margreiter opinion. What did the Nordmann court say was the duty of care a hotel owes to a guest to protect him from injury by third persons? Provide that here. Then, review the facts that the Nordmann court relied on to determine there had been a br distri entirelyively of the duty by the Nordmann court. presently recite those here as considerably. 3. Question Notice that the Margreiter court doesnt state which duty it imposed on the hotel it simply recites as precedent the Nordmann case for its legal basis. Now that you agnise the duty of care that the Margreiter court used in its decision, briefly compare the two curings of facts from the two cases.Then coiffure these scruples a) Do you witness that the Margreiter case had as strong facts as did the Nordmann case for holding the hotel liable? why or why n ot? b) Which facts do you feel most strongly weigh in favor of the courts decision in the Margreiter case? c) Which facts do you feel were a stretch by the court in Margreiter? d) Which case do you feel was more of a slam-dunk case to decide and why? http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/ wait? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 rascal 2 of 30 MGMT520 Entire lam (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) /1/13 1120 PM 4. Question Do you agree with the decisions by the Nordmannand Margreiter courts? Do you feel that the decisions were ethical in nature? Why or why not? Use one of your ethical dilemma resolution toughies to analyze the courts decision of one of the two cases to help support your issue and complicate that analysis in your answer (i. e. , Laura Nash, front page of the radicalspaper, Blanchard & Peale, Wall Street Journal). Make sure to organize out the steps of the model and apply your debate and facts to the mod el in your answer. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment Google 4 weeks ago discussion/ MGMT 520 Week 4 You subside team up discussion download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12946/mgmt-520-week-4-you-decide-teamScenario Week 4 You adjudicate GM520 Legal, Political and Ethical Dimensions Scenario Summary This group project covers a bargain dispute mail service. As a group, work through the following questions. Feel free to ask further questions in the thread of your group designates, and answer your group members questions as well. The best work attain be where all group members work unitedly to get the questions answered.You forget be graded on the quality of your posts, but points will be deducted if your answers are duplicates of your group members. Take turns and build on posts. The questions below have more than one part within each of them so work through them together. Have fun with this The primary(prenominal) thing is that you learn fro m this exercise, along with creating some quality collaboration with your group. Read the Group Project under Course Home or the Assignments page for this week for the full grading rubric for this group project. Good luck Download and review the wad here. http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 scallywag 3 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM Your Role/Assignment You are the double-decker of a large data processing project. Your comp whatsoever, Systems Inc. , worked very hard to obtain a sign with Big fix to do their conversions from their recent acquisition, Small rely. The brink met with several companies to discuss who would do the best work on the ask. During your meeting with Big Bank, you told them that you had neer missed a conversion deadline. At the clip, your company had never missed a conversion deadline, but the company had o nly done thirdsome conversions. You in any case told them that your data processing systems were the fastest around. After calendar months of negotiation, Big Bank signed the contract. The president of Big Bank said, We like fast, and you guys are fast. We choose you. You started work on the data conversion immediately (ahead of contract). According to the contract, your team was amenable for ensuring that the new banks data were converted to Big Banks data processing system. The contract involved six large conversions.The first involved converting Big Banks savings accounts, the second its checking accounts, the third its investment portfolio, the 4th its credit card, the fifth its mortgage portfolios, and the six its large business loans. Your team completed four of the six conversions without a problem. The fifth task, the largest and most alpha, has encountered numerous problems. Some problems have been based on personnel issues on your part and other issues have been b ased on the banks failure to provide you with necessary information. One issue resulted when the conversion was delayed for over one week.The data to be converted were formatted variously than the banks previous specifications provided. For that reason, the data conversion fields needed to be changed. A provision in the contract required your company to receive four peoples approval before making any changes to the conversion data fields, and one of those four people, Glenda Givealot, was out of the country doing missionary work in an area of the world that did not have cell phone reception. Another issue resulted when the conversion was supposed to occur. Because of the change in the timeline, the conversion schedule had to change.The weekend the conversion was rescheduled to occur, an ice storm struck the state where your data processing computers were housed. Your facility lost electricity for 3 days and the conversion was delayed again until power could be restored. KEYPLAYER S Big Bank President The banks president, who is a know hothead, was furious. He called you later power was restored and yelled, We are rescinding this contract He also threatened to take the case to court to seek injurys. Systems Inc. President Your company president wants this situation resolved amicably.He also wants to maintain the contract with the bank, as he sees the potential for a large amount of business with the bank in the future if this contract proves successful. Corporate counsel believes that the bank just needs to be shown that they are out of compliance with the contract just as we are and that both parties are to blame. He wants you to start negotiations with the bank to modify certain provisions of the contract to make expectations clearer. YOUDECIDE Activity Below is the list of questions you should work together to answer in this thread. Feel free to get along up with more to answer together if you need them.Can Big Banks president rescind the contract? downstairs what circumstances can a contract be rescinded by either party? What facts have to be alleged and proven? What is the result of a contract that is rescinded? Big Banks president also threatens legal action. What potential causes of action could you foresee him bringing in court? Would he be successful? Why or why not? What arguments could Systems Inc. raise in its defense? What are Big Banks potential damages? Review the facts provided http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 paginate 4 of 30MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM and the sample contract. What provisions of the contract could you cite to support an argument that it is not in Big Banks best interest to rescind the contract? What facts could you cite to support an argument that Big Bank be responsible for some of these issues and/or not in compliance with the contract? In this si tuation, amicable resolution of problems is greatly preferred by your company. Would this be true in all contract disputes? In what situations and why would you decide to move to litigation over amicable resolution?There are three types of contract performance complete, substantial, and material breach. Describe the differences (and similarities) among the three, and explain some of the legal ramifications for one or more of these types of performances. (e. g. , what happens if one party performs completely but the other party performs only substantially? ) Give examples from outside readings or experiences in your career or personal business life. What are the two most important concepts from this exercise that will help you in future contract negotiations? (All students must answer this question for full credit in this project. You Decide Contract mental home and Management Group reasonion Thread Make sure you have a Group thread showing this week. If not, e-mail your instructo r ASAP. Review the You Decide Scenario strand in your Group Area. Enter the Group Thread by no later than Wednesday to discuss the aspects of the scenario with your group. Your grade will be based on making at least six good, high-quality posts over at least three days to the thread that reflect on the You Decides contract issues and that answer the questions posed at the beginning of the thread. Your instructor will NOT lead this thread it will be up to the groups to run the thread. Take this opportunity to get to know your classmates in your group ) You earn 75 points in this project, set up as follows (60 possible) Quality/quantity post points. You can earn up to 10 points for each high-quality post to the thread. A high-quality post will reflect on a learning tip from the You Decide, provide significant factual background from the You Decide that helps explain a learning point being made in the threads, pose an exceptional question that moves the group thread forward in a mann er that creates more learning (while responding to other students question or hought), or will provide a definitive and analytical answer to one of the main questions in the thread. Faculty may deduct points for less-thanhigh-quality posts (however, making more than six posts will help ensure that you will achieve the full complement of points, as you will get credit for each post you make, up to the maximum amount of 60 points for this part of the project). (10 possible) Days posted. You must post on at least three days. You will get 3 points credit for each day you post. (I agree- or Yeah, great post -style posts will not count for a day posted. The post must have some quality to count on the day). One point will be apt(p) to each student who posts their first post to the Group Project thread by no later than Wednesday. (5 possible) Group points. How well your group works together will give you 5 possible points. Ways to get points include the following build on each others post s (i. e. , read group members posts and respond) and ensure all questions in the SIM project thread beginning are covered (i. e. , dont duplicate group members work build on their answer or answer another question).Ways to lose points include requiring instructor intervention in the group process, failing to work together, and ignoring each others posts. (This group grade will be the same for each student in the group who posts foster-added posts on at least three days in the thread. If a student posts less than three days, his or her group grade may be lower than the other group members grade due to not helping the group with facilitation of the thread. Harassment or lack of netiquette in a thread may also be a reason for an instructor to deduct one group members grade over others. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800-results=23 page 5 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, P olitical, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 5 Midterm exam download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12947/mgmt-520-week-5-midterm-exam/ 1. Question TCO B.Infuriated when Harry Reid is re-elected during the 2010 fall preference, the Republicans in Congress decide to take matters into their own hands. In 2011, the House of Representatives passes a new Freedom isnt Free Act that requires that anyone who wants to vote in the 2012 presidential election must prove that they paid at least $200 in federal income tax in the past year, including people aged 18 (who typically are deducted on their parents returns and do not pay income tax). Anyone who received the earned income credit is barred from voting unless they return the payment from the governing.Proof of payment of the tax can be made by showing a copy of the prior(prenominal) years W2, a copy of the prior years tax return, or a signed rumor from the IRS stating that the payment of more than $200 in federal income tax has been made. Citizens who do not pay taxes can still vote if they donate $200. 00 to the federal government as voluntary income tax and get a statement from the IRS that they have done so. The law sunsets on December 31, 2012. List two bases under which mortal impacted by this law could argue to have the law overturned. 2. Question TCO F.When Vanna White sued Samsung for appropriation and under the Lanham Act, she won her case under the California ballpark law right of publicity claim and under the Lanham Act. List the eight Sleekcraft factors that are required to prove a Lanham Act complaint. 3. Question (TCO C) Bud Johnson owns a General Motors dealership in Pierre, South Dakota. At the request and expense of General Motors, Bud traveled to Phoenix, Arizona, for purposes of the demonstration of a new vehicle called the Roughrider, designed to compete against the current laissez passering of SUVs.Bud went to the proving gr ounds in the desert around Phoenix and spent a day watching the vehicle demonstrations. Bud and other dealers drove the vehicles, and much dust resulted from their driving. A http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 6 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM few weeks later, Bud became ill with flu-like symptoms. He was finally diagnosed as having coccidioidomycosis or valley febricity. Valley fever is a disease well known to Arizona residents, and most have had it if they have workd there over 10 years. Newcomers are particularly vulnerable to the disease because the photograph to dust seems to build up immunity among the residents. Bud became quite ill and brought suit against the car manufacturer that invited him for its failure to condemn him approximately the valley fever phenomenon before he came out to the testing grounds. Answer the following questions, and use cases and theories from the text to support your arguments Was there negligence in the failure of General Motors to warn Bud? 15 points) Discuss all defenses General Motors may have. (15 points) Does strict liability in torts apply to this situation? Why or why not? (10 points) 4. Question TCO D Barney and his 16-year-old son BamBam are riding in Freds car. Fred had taken some prescription medicament that morn that declared on the bottle, strugglening, may cause drowsiness. The truck in front of them suffers a blow-out, and swerves uncontrollably. The tire remnants fly into the road, Fred swerves and hits a car to his left. He avoids hitting the truck with the blow-out but suffers damage to the left side of his car.BamBam hits his head on the side of the car, getting a concussion and permanently losing the sight in his right heart. Fred has state law required auto indemnity policy with the minimum policy limits. Freds wife, Wilma, immediately call s Betty, BamBams mom, and apologizes when she finds out close BamBam losing his eye. Wilma says to Betty, Please dont worry. We will pay for anything the insurance doesnt cover, including the loss of BamBams sight and anything else he needs to recover and live a normal life. Betty sobs and says, You are too good to us. We cant accept that. Wilma says, Of course you can. Betty cries harder and says, Thank you so much but (unintelligible) and hangs up. Fred and Wilma own a house outlay $450,000, a car worth $20,000, a full-size T. rex skeleton for which a museum has strikeered $200,000 in the past, and some line of descents and bonds worth $700,000. A lawsuit ensues and a judgment against Fred and for BamBam is entered for $300,000. The insurance company paid their cap of $250,000, leaving $50,000 remaining due. Fred and Wilma immediately pay BamBam $50,000. Further, Wilma buys a designer eye-patch for BamBam made specifically by Calvin Klein with a picture of Fred and Wilmas da ughter, Pebbles, on it.Wilma hugs BamBam when she brings over his new eye patch and says, Anything. Anything you need. We will take care of it for you. Fred rolls his eyes at Barney, and Barney sighs and shakes his head. Betty and Wilma both cry at how adorable BamBam looks with his new eye patch. Barney buys BamBam a new car, specially designed for people with one eye. Wilma finds out and calls Betty, asking how much the car was. Betty says they are making payments on the car of $450/month for the next 4 years. Wilma writes Betty a check for $450, and sends her one every month for the next 8 months.Eight months after the judgment was rendered, BamBam is discovered to have more damage to his head than originally thought. He loses sight in his other eye and now is totally blind. BamBams parents sue Fred and Wilma again for personal injury, but the case is propel out as the first case already decided the injury case. Fred refuses to pay more to BamBam, and he takes the checkbook awa y from http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 7 of 30MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM Wilma when he discovers shes been making BamBams car payments. The two families barricado speaking to each other. BamBam throws away his now useless eyepatch and becomes despondent. His dreams of being a drag racer seem to be over. BamBams attorney refiles the case, this time on grounds that Wilmas statement to Betty was a binding contract that requires that Wilma pay any remaining damages to BamBam, for the remainder of his life. Was Wilmas statement a binding contract?dupeization the law of contracts, explain why or why not. Does BamBams age have anything to do with your answer? Can Fred be bound by the potential contract Wilma may have entered into? Use the law of agency to explain your answer to that question. Did Wilmas get of the eye-patch give BamBa m a greater leg to stand on in court? What about the car payments she made? Explain fully your answer to these questions. 5. Question TCO I. Marianne Jennings wrote an condition, Why an International Code of morals would be good, which was assigned to be read at the beginning of the course.As you have worked throughout this session, you should have considered this article and how it may or may not have impacted different situations in the world economic/business/legal/political environments. The essay you will write on the next question should show that you have read Mariannes article and can apply her theories and thoughts from that article to the scenario provided. Feel free to rely on the information you know about the situations (if real) or analogize to another one, if you wish. Include in your answer at least two specific concepts from Mariannes article, and apply those concepts to your reasoning in your answer.You will be graded on your knowledge of the article as well as the application of ethical theories to international situations. An oil travesty has occurred. In the Gulf Coast, British Pet lineamentums deep-sea oil well has had a study malfunction and has exploded. The explosion killed many oil workers. The oil well began spewing oil into the Gulf, and now the built-in southern portion of the United States coastal areas has been destroyed. BP initially came out with advertisements using the CEO of the company apologizing and promising to make this right for the citizens of the United States.Then, the CEO was removed by BP from working the disaster. The crisis continues. Based on the timing of the crisis and resolutions that have occurred at the time of your exam, answer the following question using the most relevant facts you know. Using Marianne Jennings article, would an international code of ethics have assisted with the use of this crisis? Would it have helped BP avoid this crisis? Do you see this as an ethical issue? Support your answe r with concepts from her article, as well as other ethical reasons. 6. Question TCO A.Use the fact pattern you received in the supra Marianne Jennings International Code of Ethics question to answer this question. Analyze and propose a solution to the problem you received above using the Blanchard and Peale method. Show the steps, apply the facts, and provide a proposed solution you would suggest. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 8 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 6 You Decide ES download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12948/mgmt-520-week-6-you-decide-es/ 1. Question Teddys Supplies CEO has asked you to advise him on the facts of the case and your opinion of their potential liability. He wants to accommodate the case. Write a memor anda to him that states your view of whether the company is exposed to liability on all issues you feel are in play. Include in your memo any laws that apply and any precedent cases either for or against Teddys case that impact liability.Include in the memo your suggested reacher of settlement to Virginia. Back up your offer using your analysis of the case against Teddys. 2. Question The NJ Human Rights commission found that Pollard was the victim of sexual harassment and disparate treatment. Please answer these questions a. Provide the most current definition of sexual harassment, including a definition of quid pro quo and hostile environment sexual harassment. Name an appellate court case in which an employer was found liable for either quid pro quo or hostile environment sexual harassment.Describe the facts of the case and the decision the court came to in the case. Include the citation to the case and a link to it online. Would the case apply to Pollards case? Why or why not? Would you want to use this case in Teddys favor or Pollards favor? (10 points) b. Explain which form of sexual harassment you suspect the NJ Human Rights commission found Virginia had been a victim of and why you feel that is the case. Provide law or a case to support your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and provide law or a case to support your position. 10 points) c. Explain what defenses to sexual harassment Teddys had in this case. (Include the name and citation of at least two federal or state sexual harassment cases that provide precedent support to your defense statement. ) (10 points) d. What is disparate treatment and why do you think the Human Rights commission found it had http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T000000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 9 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) /1/13 1120 PM occurre d? Do you agree with this decision? (10 points) 3. Question Review the sexual harassment policy that Teddys has in place and that Virginia Pollard signed. Virginia Pollard claims she had planned to make an anonymous complaint but the website allowing that was down on the day she tried to do so. During the Human Rights guardianship case, a review of the website statistics shows that Virginia accessed the website for downloading dental coverage forms at least three times during the time frame of the alleged discrimination.The commission determined that this ability of Teddys to spread over employees use of the site was a violation of their anonymity and therefore refused to consider this information. The circuit court did consider this in their decision. Provide three recommendations to the CEO for a way to ensure that employees in the future can not claim technical issues for why they didnt make a complaint. Explain, in your recommendations, the legal consequences to an employee i f they do not utilize the complaint mechanism of the sexual harassment policy. Support these recommendations with current case law. 4.Question How would Pollards case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be different? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer. 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 8 Final Set 1 download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12949/mgmt-520-week-8-final-set-1/ 1. TCO D Short Answer Question and Facts for Page 1 Questions A well known pharmaceutical company, Robins & Robins, is working through a public scandal.Three popular medications that they sell over the counter have been determined to be sully with small particles of elastic explosive. The plastic explosives came from a Robins http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 10 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethica l Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM & Robins supplier named Casings, Inc. , that supplies the capsule casings for the medication pills. Casings, Inc. , also sells shell casings for ammunition. Over $8 one million million in inventory is impacted.The inventory is located throughout the occidental United States, and it is possible that it has also made its way into parts of Canada. Last fall, the FDA had promulgated an administrative proposed rule that would have required all pharmaceutical companies that change over-the-counter medications to incorporate a special tracking bar code (i. e. , UPC bars) on their advancement to ensure that recalls could be done with very little trouble. The bar codes cost about 35 cents per software system. Robins & Robins lobbied hard against this rule and managed to get it blockped in the public comments period.They utilized multiple arguments, including the cost (which would be passed on to consumers). They also raised privacy concerns, whi ch they discussed simply to get public interest groups upset. (One of the drugs impacted is used for assisting with crapulence treatment specifically for withdrawal symptoms and many alcoholics were afraid their use of the drug could be tracked back to them. ) Robins & Robins argued that people would be concerned about purchasing the medication with a tracking mechanism included with the package and managed to get enough public interest groups against the rule.The FDA decided not to impose the rule. Robins & Robins contract with Casings, Inc. , states, in role 14 B. 2. a. , The remedy for defects in supplies shall be modified to the cost of the parts supplied. Casings, Inc. , had negotiated that clause into the contract after a lawsuit from a person who was rotating shaft by a gun resulted in a partial judgment against Casings for contributory negligence. List any bases Robins & Robins could sue Casings, Inc. , under contract theory ONLY for the damages caused by the explosi ves in their drugs, over and above the cost of the capsule shells. short answer question) (Points 15) 2. TCO B. The FDA discovers that, during the public comment process, Robins & Robins bribed one of the members of the administrative panel that decided to pull the rule from consideration. The member of the panel was removed and is being charged criminally. As a result, the FDA immediately implements an emergency order that puts into effect the tracking bar requirement and makes the rule retroactive, but only to Robins & Robins. Provide two arguments Robins & Robins can make to have the rule determined to be invalid under the Administrative Procedures Act.Explain your answer. (Points 30) 3. TCO C. Robins & Robins immediately issued a massive recall for the tainted medication upon learning of the situation. Despite the recall, 1,400 children and 350 adults have been hospitalized after becoming very ill upon taking the tainted medication. Each of them had failed to note the recall aft er having already purchased the medication. It is quickly determined that they will need liver-colored transplants and many of them are on a waiting list. During the wait, to date, 12 children have died. Their families are considering suing for both 402A and negligence.The attorneys stated that but for the lobbying efforts, the recall process would have been change and the people would not have gotten sick or died. You are an employee with the FDA. You are drafting a memo to your boss analyzing the FDAs liability and explaining why the FDA did the right thing in deciding not to pass the original tracking bar (UPC) rule. You are specifically being told to respond to the issue of the deaths and illnesses. What would you write? Include (and fully explain) any defenses you feel that the FDA could use against any negligence or public relation cases.Explain what liability (if any) the FDA could have to the victims and their families. (Points 30) 4. TCO A. It is discovered that Robins & R obins knew about the tainted medication 2 months earlier than they announced the recall. They hid it and, in fact, sent out contract buyers to try to buy up all of the medication off the shelves. Their fake recall failed. Using the Blanchard and Peale method of analyzing ethical dilemmas, analyze the ethical dilemma faced by the http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 11 of 30MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM CEO of Robins & Robins for the fact that they saved 35 cents/package and are now in the middle of a major, life-threatening recall. Analyze their fake recall as well. Show all of the steps of the model and give a recommendation to the CEO of what to do now that the deaths are escalating. What is the right thing for the CEO to do in this case? (Points 30) 5. TCO I. A Canadian citizen whose child died from the medication sues the FDA for allow ing the sale of dangerous medication in Canada.The lawsuit is filed in the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Is this the proper court to hear this case? Why or why not? (short answer question) (Points 15) Question 2 2 essays, 30 points each. 1. TCO E. Anna and Lisa both sue parson Forester and the discipline under Title VII. Analyze their Title VII lawsuit against the school and Pastor Forester. Explain whether you feel that the two injured teachers have cases for recovery (describe the theories and whether you feel they will be successful).Discuss whether the school being a religious, private school has any bearing on liability or protection from liability. Include all defenses functional to the school and Pastor Forester. (Points 30) 2. TCO H and E. In the discovery portion of the case, it is determined that Pastor Forester is really not a pastor. His real name is Jerry Birches, a parolee with convictions for child molestation. His parole agreement prohibits him being clo se at hand(predicate) than 1,000 feet to any school. In order to cut costs, the school had stopped doing background checks on new employees, and this slipped through the cracks.The president of the circuit card of directors immediately fires Pastor Jerry Birches Forester and notifies his parole officer of the violations. Pastor Forester claims the board knew about his background because one member of the board (his aunt Theresa) knew the truth. He claims her knowledge should be imputed to the entire board of directors. He then sues the school for discharge him for being a convicted felon. He claims that is illegal, and he publicly attacks the church for their less-than-Christian behavior in firing him. The board immediately convenes to discuss damage control. It knows you took a law and ethics course recently and asks you to write a news call on to the local newspaper explaining the situation. Using ethical and legal considerations (including the fact you are in the middle of mul tiple lawsuits), write the brief news release. Then, explain why you wrote it the way you did. (Points 30) Exact XX Page 3 Two essays at 30 points each. 1. TCO F. Ellen DeGeneres sues Clean Clothes for the use of a look-alike model for the slack advertisement. She includes Lanham Act, misappropriation, and right of publicity claims in her complaint.Clean Clothes countersues for product disparagement. Joseph A. Bank (JOSB) sues Ellen for impacting their mens clothing sales with her unsolicited comment. What facts will Ellen use to support her cases, and why will those support her cases? What defenses will Ellen have against Clean Clothess and JOSBs countersuits? Do you think any of the three will win their cases? Why or why not? (Points 30) 2. 2. TCO G. It is discovered that 2 weeks before the Ellen show, she had sold $2 million in JOSB stock (at a gain of about $2,200).The morning after her show, Ellen sold JOSB short (which means she was betting the stock price would go down), a nd she made another $210,000 in the next week on that trade. The thrill in the price was not directly tied to her comments but was suspected to be a result of a recall JOSB made on their entire line of mens black and brown dress slacks when it was discovered that they had been sewn together with white thread. Ellens previous trading activity shows that she made it a normal practice to vigorously trade the stock of any company with which she did business.A review of her trading activity for the past year showed that she had bought and sold JOSB http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 12 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM stock 25 different times, including short sales like this one. Her boilersuit trading for JOSB stock for the last 12 months was a net loss of $82,000. 00. Do you think the SEC will file anything against Ellen for her sales o f JOSB?Is there any cause to do so? Analyze her transactions with respect to insider trading activity (based on what you know) and whether she should be concerned. Is her prior trading activity a defense? Should Ellen have avoided discussing JOSB publicly on her show because she typically trades their stock? (Points 30) 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 8 Final Set 2 download http//homeworkfox. om/tutorials/business/12950/mgmt-520-week-8-final-set-2/ TCO D Short Answer Question and Facts for Page 1 Questions A well known pharmaceutical company, Robins & Robins, is working through a public scandal. Three popular medications that they sell over the counter have been determined to be tainted with small particles of plastic explosive. The plastic explosives came from a Robins & Robins supplier named Casings, Inc. , that supplies the capsule casings for the medication pills. Casings, Inc. , also sells shell casings for ammunition. Over $8 million in inventory is impacted.The inventory is located throughout the Western United States, and it is possible that it has also made its way into parts of Canada. Last fall, the FDA had promulgated an administrative proposed rule that would have required all pharmaceutical companies that sold over-the-counter medications to incorporate a special tracking bar code (i. e. , UPC bars) on their packaging to ensure that recalls could be done with very little trouble. The bar codes cost about 35 cents per package. Robins & Robins lobbied hard against this rule and managed to get it stopped in the public comments period.They utilized multiple arguments, including the cost (which would be passed on to consumers). They also raised privacy concerns, which they discussed simply to get public interest groups upset. (One of the drugs impacted is used for assisting with alcoholism treatment specifically for withdrawal symptoms and many alcoholics were afraid their use of the drug could b e tracked back to http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 13 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM hem. ) Robins & Robins argued that people would be concerned about purchasing the medication with a tracking mechanism included with the packaging and managed to get enough public interest groups against the rule. The FDA decided not to impose the rule. Robins & Robins contract with Casings, Inc. , states, in section 14 B. 2. a. , The remedy for defects in supplies shall be limited to the cost of the parts supplied. Casings, Inc. , had negotiated that clause into the contract after a lawsuit from a person who was shot by a gun resulted in a partial judgment against Casings for contributory negligence.Robins & Robins sues Casings, Inc. , for indemnification from suits by injured victims from the medication, for the cost of the capsule shells, for attorneys fees, and for punitive damages. List any defenses Casings, Inc. , would have under contract theory ONLY. (short answer question) 2. TCO B. The FDA decides to require all pharmaceutical companies to immediately implement the tracking bars (UPC) as a result of the disaster with Robins & Robins. Robins & Robins decides not to challenge this and begins the process of adding them to all of their products. However, McFadden, Inc. a New York pharmaceutical company, realizes that this new requirement is going to bankrupt them immediately. McFadden did not inscribe in the original public comment period. However, this rule is different from the rule that went through that public comment period in that it specifically names four companies as being impacted Robins & Robins, McFadden, Inc. , aspirin, and Johnson & Johnson. On what bases can McFadden challenge this requirement imposed by the FDA, and can they be successful? Provide at least two bases under the Administrative Procedures Act and justify your answer. Points 30) 3. TCO C. Robins & Robins immediately issued a massive recall for the tainted medication upon learning of the situation. Despite the recall, 1,400 children and 350 adults have been hospitalized after becoming very ill upon taking the tainted medication. Each of them had failed to note the recall after having already purchased the medication. It is quickly determined that they will need liver transplants and many of them are on a waiting list. During the wait, to date, 12 children have died. Their families are considering suing for both 402A and negligence.The attorneys stated that but for the lobbying efforts, the recall process would have been automated and the people would not have gotten sick or died. You are the attorney for one of the dead childrens family. List the causes of action (if any) you would file against Robins & Robins, the FDA, and the bribed FDA member. List the elements of the causes of action, and set forth the facts that you have that would support a lawsuit against each of the three named defendants. State any defenses any of the three would have. Analyze the success of the defenses. TCO A.It is discovered that Robins & Robins knew about the tainted medication 2 months earlier than they announced the recall. They hid it and, in fact, sent out contract buyers to try to buy up all of the medication off the shelves. Their fake recall failed. Using the Laura Nash method of analyzing ethical dilemmas, analyze the ethical dilemma faced by the CEO of Robins & Robins for the fact that they saved 35 cents/package and are now in the middle of a major, life-threatening recall. Analyze their fake recall as well. Show all of the steps of the model and give a recommendation to the CEO of what to do now that the deaths are scalating. What is the right thing for the CEO to do in this case? Did the model help you come to this conclusion, or did you use some other method? Explain. 5. TCO I. A Canadian citizen whose son (resident of Ontario) died from the medication sues Robins & Robins in a California court. The court there is well known for being victim friendly and providing massive payouts to victim families. In Canada, the cap on nonpecuniary damages is around $300,000. Punitive damages in Canada are rarely allowed. Robins & Robins moves to dismiss the case under the theory of sovereign immunity.Will Robins & Robins win this motion using this theory? Why or why not? (short answer question) (Points 15) Question 2 2 essays, 30 points each. http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 14 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM TCO E. Anna and Lisa both sue the school and Pastor Forester for discrimination and further, for liability for their injuries (the stabbing damages and the damages to Lisas sons health. You are one of the board of directors and need to analyze the liability of the school. Limit your answer to the SCHOOLS liability only. Write a brief memo as to whether Pastor Forester committed illegal or discriminatory practices in his brief tenure described in this situation. Then, analyze the potential liability of the school. Discuss agency liability, as well as any employment law aspects. Explain whether you feel that the two injured teachers have cases for recovery against the school. Discuss whether the school being a religious, private school has any bearing on or protection from liability.Include all defenses available to the school. TCO H and E. In the discovery portion of the case, it is determined that Pastor Forester is really not a Pastor. His real name is Jerry Birches, who is a parolee with convictions for child molestation. His parole agreement prohibits him being closer than 1000 feet to any school. In order to cut costs, the school had stopped doing background checks on new employees, and this slipped through th e cracks. The President of the Board of Directors immediately fires Pastor Jerry Birches Forester and notifies his parole officer of the violations.Pastor Forester claims the board knew about his background, because one member of the board (his aunt Theresa) knew the truth. He claims her knowledge should be imputed to the entire board of directors. He then sues the school for firing him for being a convicted felon. He claims that is illegal, and he publicly attacks the church for their less than Christian behavior in firing him. The board immediately convenes to discuss damage control. They know you took a Law and Ethics course recently and ask you to write a news release to the local newspaper, explaining the situation.Using ethical and legal considerations (including the fact you are in the middle of multiple lawsuits), write the brief news release. Then, explain why you wrote it the way you did. Page 3 Two essays at 30 points each TCO F. Ellen DeGeneres sues Clean Clothes for t he use of a look-alike model for the slacks advertisement. She includes Lanham Act, misappropriation, and Right of Publicity claims in her complaint. Clean Clothes countersues for product disparagement. Joseph A. Bank (JOSB) sues Ellen for impacting their mens clothing sales with her unsolicited comment.What facts will Ellen use to support her cases and why will those support her cases? What defenses will Ellen have against Clean Clothes and JOSBs countersuits? Do you think any of the 3 will win their cases? (Why or why not. ) 2. TCO G. It is discovered that two weeks before the Ellen show, she had sold $2 million in JOSB stock (at a gain of about $2,200). The morning after her show, Ellen sold JOSB short (which means she was betting the stock price would go down), and she made another $210,000 in the next week on that trade.The swing in the price was not directly tied to her comments, but was suspected to be a result of a recall JOSB made on their entire line of mens black and brow n dress slacks when it was discovered that they had been sewn together with white thread. Ellens previous trading activity shows that she made it a normal practice to vigorously trade the stock of any company with which she did business. A review of her trading activity for the past year showed that she had bought and sold JOSB stock 25 different times, including short sales like this one.Her overall trading for JOSB stock for the last 12 months was a net loss of $82,000. 00. Do you think the SEC will file anything against Ellen for her sales of JOSB? Is there any cause to do so? Analyze her transactions with respect to insider trading activity (based on what you know) and whether she should be concerned. Is her prior trading activity a defense? Should Ellen have avoided discussing JOSB publicly on her show since she typically trades their stock? (Points 30) 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-ma x=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 15 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM Google 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 1 Dq 1 National and international ethics Patent rights download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12951/mgmt-520-week-1-dq-1-national-andinternational-ethics-patent-rights/ National and international ethics Patent rights In the fall of 2001, anthrax was used as a weapon of terror in the United States, when it was ent to numerous media and political organizations and individuals, including Tom Brokaw of NBC News, Dan Rather of CBS News, and US Senators. According to a report from the CDC, 22 people who were infected with the anthrax spores which were mailed out in two separate attacks, and of those, five persons died. (CDC) Fortunately for many of the victims, once it was established and known that anthrax was the cause of the illnesses (and deaths), Bayer was able to provide for sale to the vi ctims and to others who feared becoming victims, a drug they had invented and patented called ciprofloxacin. Bayer, AG, is a German based company, which has plants in various countries, the U. S. included. Bayer was founded in 1863 and is well known for its trademarked aspirin (1899) but not so prominently known for its trademark of heroin in 1900, marketing it for decades as a childrens cough medicine. During the first and 2nd world wars, Bayer was involved in chemical warfare manufacturing and has spent a considerable amount of time and money overcoming some of the repercussions of their involvment in those wars and the atrocities which occurred during them.Despite this, they remain a well-respected name brand in many households throughout the world. (GMWatch) Bayer had paid reparations after World War II and had its patent for aspirin stripped from it and awarded to a US Company due to its involvement with the World Wars. Bayer wasnt allowed to even use its name until 2000 and so during the anthrax crisis, kept a low profile as a deliberate means to avoid appearing exploitive of the problem of the anthrax smash in the U. S.Once the anthrax scare happened, however, Cipro went into high demand, and people all over North America were stockpiling the drug, making it even more barely and driving up the cost. Because only people with prescriptions could purchase the drug in the U. S. , Mexican pharmacies capitalized on the market and starting selling it to the US citizens for a huge profit. Canada became frustrated with Bayers refusal to answer their questions about its ability to meet production needs in the event the anthrax crisis went global. It http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? pdated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800&updated-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800&max-results=23 Page 16 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM suspended Bayers patent and ordered other drug companies to unveil their generic formulas. Baye r immediately threatened such companies with litigation in the event they violated the patent on Cipro. (Jennings) The U. S. Congress began considering suspending the Cipro patent as well. The CDC announced a warning to people stockpiling Cipro that it was a dangerous drug with serious side effects which people should not use without medical supervision.Many argued that the US suspension threat was simply used to negotiate down the price of Cipro, and in fact, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson was submissive in these negotiations. At no time during the situation was Bayer unable to fulfill the orders or needs for Cipro. Bayer had $1 billion in Cipro sales in the year prior to the anthrax attacks (Herper, 2001) At the time of the crisis, Bayers statement of corporate values was Our goals are to steadily increase corporate value and generate a high value added for the benefit of our stockholders, our employees and the community in every country in which we operate.We believe that our technical and commercial expertise involves obligation to work for the common good and contribute to sustainable development. (Jennings, 2008) Now, more than a decade after the crisis, you can review Bayers newer mission and values statements on their US website (http//www. bayer. com/en/missionvalues. aspx). Lets discuss this scenario using the ethical dilemma resolution models and the information about social responsibility in our text, as well as using the International Code of Ethics article you can find here or in doc-sharing, authored by our textbook author, Marianne Jennings.Are there situations in which a company, for the common good, must give up the economic advantage accorded by intellectual property laws? Should Bayer have followed its own credo more than it manifestly did? Was it unethical in threatening litigation to those who attempted to thwart its patent rights? And was the US and Canada unethical in using their governmental actions in ignoring p atent law to gain a negotiating edge in getting the price of Cipro lowered during the crisis? Would an International Code of Ethics have assisted in this scenario? 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0Add a comment 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 1 Dq 2 As the pendulum swings. Ethics and the Law download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12952/mgmt-520-week-1-dq-2-as-thependulum-swings-ethics-and-the-law/ As the pendulum swings. Ethics and the Law. All of us know what happens when a pendulum rests at the bottom of its swing, with nothing acting upon it. It quietly waits for something to start its movement. However, once something has started it swinging, we have all witnessed how long it takes for it to stop the heavier the pendulum the higher it http//mgmt520. logspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800-results=23 Page 17 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM swings. Law, Ethics and Politics w ork together like a Newtons cradle a conglomeration of multiple pendulums which collide, sending each one higher in the air, with every click at the bottom of the swing forcefully sending the others shooting off in other directions. Weve decided to start this course off with a pendulum swinging.Over the last few years, we have witnessed unprecedented financial devastation throughout the business and banking world. This all has occurred AFTER the pendulum swinging regulations which were put into place and are discussed in Chapter 2 of your textbook Enron, Worldcom, and other ethically challenged companies caused Congress to pass legislation (Sarbanes-Oxley) which was supposed to protect companies and the public from unethical behavior by their leaders. Marianne Jennings refers to prosecutors as ethical officers in companies listed on the call-out on page 62 AIG, Bear Stearns, Morgan Stanley, and KPMG.Of these firms, we have witnessed the implosion of some of them and all of their roles in these companies is open to discussion this week. My question to you for the beginning of our dissection of the relationship among the law, politics and ethics Is law the catalyst for starting the pendulum swinging? Or is it ethics? Politics? Or all three and of the three which one SHOULD be the catalyst? Our textbook author wrote an article in 2010 for The Arizona Republic entitled The Moral Hazard of Walking Away from Debt reprinted in our textbook on pp. 491-492.Reading this may assist you in collecting your thoughts about this thread. When we see that the interaction of all three can impact our wallets, our ability to purchase a home and our childrens or grandchildrens ability to live like we do is it our job as business professionals to avoid unethical behavior which will set off the Newtons cradle? For example the U. S. home mortgage crisis has impacted the worlds global economy. Do we have an ethical responsibility to do something about this? What other industries have had major international impacts caused by the U. S. ctions? And what is it that we should do? 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 2 Dq 1 Administrative Regulations Discussion download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12953/mgmt-520-week-2-dq-1administrative-regulations-discussion/ Week 2 Administrative Regulations Discussion Chapter 5, Problems 7 and 4 (graded) Please study the problem found in e-book Chapter 5, problem 7, and answer the following questions On appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court, 1. Can the statute survive a constitutional challenge? 2.Is there a acute basis for the statute? http//mgmt520. blogspot. com/search? updated-min=2013-01-01T0000-0800-max=2014-01-01T000000-0800-results=23 Page 18 of 30 MGMT520 Entire Course (Legal, Political, Ethical Dimensions of Business) 3/1/13 1120 PM 3. What effect does the evidence to the contrary have on the statutes constitutionality? We will also read and discuss Chapter 5 problem 4 in this thread, the throughway v. Bruce Church case. Note that this case is available online, but heads-up The U. S. Supreme Court has overturned a significant part of it.We will talk about this and judicial review during the week as well. Much to do 4 weeks ago Magnus Grimmers 0 Add a comment 4 weeks ago MGMT 520 Week 2 DQ 2 to a fault much regulation or not enough download http//homeworkfox. com/tutorials/business/12954/mgmt-520-week-2-dq-2-too-muchregulation-or-not-enough/ Week 2 Administrative Regulations Discussion Too much regulation or not enough? (graded) On pages 209 through 213, your textbook has a series of cases and problems, most of which have been taken from real cases in the United States regulatory world of business.Each case has a unique feature to it, and provides future business leaders with guidance about the landmines which await when the government gets in line to attempt to regulate your business. Every day, profitable businesses meet hurdles of regul ation which happen seemingly out of the blue. Yet, under the Administrative Procedures Act (which exists at the federal level as well as in many if not most states, which have their own acts), rules of publication and due process do come into play.Savvy business leaders stay in front of these new and proposed regulations through many avenues, which we will explore and discuss this week, along with a fact scenario. As way of background, let us take you through a few of the cases in the book. First, problem seven, page 211, Chapter 6 In 1994, the company which have Hooked on Phonics, Gateway Educational Products, Inc. , entered into an agreed settlement with the FTC whereby they agreed not to make claims about how their product assisted young readers without proof from large research which supported their advertising claims.This was despite results from a yearlong study of several first-grade classrooms which showed vast improvement in students reading skills. (Nathans, 1994) The F DA regulates new drugs and medical procedures for the U. S. , as discussed in your textbook problem number eight, page 211, Chapter 6. However, the FDAs control is limited by law. The U. S. Dept of Health and Human Services is the federal dept to which the FDA reports. You can review the FDAs role in Lasik surgery on their very extensive website found at http//www. fda. gov (FDA role page http//www. da. gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProced